Pairing
What wine goes with what
WineHQ pairs by reasoning from the structure of the dish — its fat, acidity, salt, sweetness and heat — rather than looking the answer up in a table. Every suggestion cites the principles that produced it.
Dishes
Chicken tikka masala
Tandoori chicken in a creamy, mildly spiced tomato sauce — rich and sweet-edged rather than fiery.
Roast chicken
The most flexible dish in wine pairing — it works with almost anything, which is why it is the standard test.
Steak
Grilled or pan-seared beef — the classic partner for tannic red wine, and for a good structural reason.
Barbecue
Smoked, charred and usually sauced — sweet, salty and smoky all at once.
Beef stew
Slow-braised beef in a thickened, savoury liquid — deep umami and soft texture rather than char and grip.
Burger
Ground beef with cheese, sauce and bun — fatty, salty and often sweet from ketchup and relish.
Butter chicken
Murgh makhani — butter, cream, tomato and fenugreek, mild and distinctly sweet.
Carbonara
Egg, pecorino, guanciale and black pepper — salt and fat with no acidity at all.
Cheese board
Several cheeses at once — the pairing problem that has no single right answer, and one practical solution.
Curry
Spiced, often chilli-hot and aromatic — the category where most conventional pairing advice fails.
Fillet steak
The leanest and most tender cut — delicate in flavour, and easily overwhelmed by the big red most people reach for.
Fried chicken
Battered and deep-fried — salty, crisp and greasy, and the reason sparkling wine keeps winning.
Grilled chicken
Chicken over direct heat — leaner and smokier than roast, and lighter than most people pair for.
Grilled salmon
Char and rendered fat on an oily fish — a dish that takes red wine more happily than "white with fish" allows.
Lamb
Roasted or grilled lamb — fatty, gamey and the classic partner for Bordeaux and Rioja.
Margherita pizza
Tomato, mozzarella and basil — the acidity of the sauce against the mildness of the cheese.
Pad Thai
Stir-fried noodles with tamarind, fish sauce, peanut and lime — sweet, sour and salty, with heat added at the table.
Pizza
Tomato, cheese and char — acidic, salty and fatty in one dish.
Pork
Roast pork, chops or belly — leaner than beef, often with sweetness from apple or crackling.
Prawns
Sweet and firm, and endlessly variable — the sauce decides far more than the shellfish does.
Ragù bolognese
Slow-cooked meat sauce with a little tomato and often milk — richer and far less acidic than a plain tomato sauce.
Ribeye steak
The most heavily marbled common steak — fat running through the muscle, which changes how much tannin the dish can absorb.
Roast beef
Slow-roasted beef with gravy — richer and more savoury than steak, and a Sunday-lunch fixture.
Roast pork
Roasted pork with crackling and apple sauce — leaner than beef, and usually sweeter than people account for.
Roast turkey
Lean white meat with stuffing, bacon, cranberry and gravy — the bird is easy, the trimmings are not.
Salmon
Oily fish with enough richness to handle a light red as well as a full white.
Shellfish
Prawns, crab, mussels and clams — sweet, saline and best with crisp, unoaked whites.
Smoked salmon
Cold-smoked, oily and salty — a dish where salt and smoke matter more than the fish.
Thai green curry
Coconut, green chilli, lemongrass, lime leaf and fish sauce — hot, sweet, salty and sour at once.
Tomato pasta
Pasta with a tomato-based sauce — the acidity of the tomato is the whole pairing problem.
White fish
Cod, sea bass, haddock and similar — delicate, lean and easily overwhelmed.
Arrabbiata
Tomato, garlic and dried chilli — high acidity and real heat in the same sauce.
Bacalhau
Salt cod, rehydrated and cooked a hundred ways — intensely savoury, still salty, and firmer than fresh fish.
Barbecue chicken
Chicken in a sweet, smoky barbecue glaze — sweeter than most savoury dishes and pairing accordingly.
Beef bourguignon
Beef braised in red wine with bacon, mushrooms and onions — the dish that makes the regional pairing argument better than any other.
Beef short ribs
Fatty, gelatinous, slow-cooked beef, usually in a sticky glaze — rich enough to need serious structure.
Biryani
Layered spiced rice with meat, saffron and fried onion — aromatic and rich, with the heat usually moderate.
Bouillabaisse
Provençal fish stew with saffron, fennel and orange — intense, aromatic and not remotely delicate.
Bulgogi
Beef marinated in soy, pear and sesame, then grilled — sweet, savoury and only mildly hot.
Cacio e pepe
Pecorino and black pepper, and nothing else — intensely salty, sharply peppery and deceptively hard to pair.
Cassoulet
Beans, confit duck, sausage and pork slow-cooked together — one of the richest dishes in French cooking.
Ceviche
Raw fish cured in lime juice with chilli and onion — the most acidic dish in the catalogue.
Char siu and Cantonese roast meats
Honey-glazed barbecue pork and crisp roast duck — sweet, salty, smoky and fatty.
Charcuterie
Cured meats — salty, fatty and intensely savoury, and a genuine test of a wine’s acidity.
Chicken in cream sauce
Chicken with a cream, wine or mushroom sauce — where the sauce sets the weight and the acidity requirement.
Chicken with lemon
Roasted or braised with lemon, garlic and herbs — a dish whose acidity will expose any soft wine.
Chicken with mushrooms
A mild protein under an intensely savoury sauce — the mushrooms pick the wine.
Chilli con carne
Spiced beef and beans with real chilli heat — a red-meat dish where a big red is the wrong instinct.
Chorizo
Paprika-cured pork, smoky and often spicy — a small dish with a very loud flavour.
Cod
Meaty, flaky and mild — the white fish with enough substance to take a fuller wine.
Crab
Sweet white meat and rich brown meat — two different pairing problems in one shell.
Creamy pasta
Carbonara, alfredo or a mushroom cream sauce — fat is the dominant variable.
Dal
Spiced lentils, from a soupy tarka dal to a rich dal makhani — earthy, savoury and often surprisingly buttery.
Dim sum
Many small steamed and fried dishes at once — delicate, salty and impossible to pair with a single ideal wine.
Duck
Rich, fatty poultry with gamey depth — one of the most wine-friendly things you can cook.
Duck confit
Duck legs cooked and preserved in their own fat — very rich, deeply savoury, and salty from the cure.
Dumplings
Steamed or fried parcels with a soy and vinegar dip — mild in themselves, decided by the dipping sauce.
Fish and chips
Battered fried fish with vinegar and salt — fat and acid in equal measure.
Fish pie
Fish in a creamy sauce under mashed potato — comfort food whose weight comes entirely from the dairy.
Fish tacos
Fried or grilled fish with lime, cabbage and crema — light, sharp and much more delicate than most Mexican food.
French onion soup
Deeply caramelised onions in beef stock under melted cheese — sweet, savoury and salty at once.
Gambas al ajillo
Prawns in sizzling garlic and olive oil with a little chilli — the tapas dish that defines the genre.
Greek salad
Tomato, cucumber, olive, feta and oregano with olive oil — salty, sharp and herbal.
Grilled lamb
Skewered or butterflied lamb over fire, often with lemon and oregano — smoky, herbal and Mediterranean in shape.
Grilled vegetables
Courgette, pepper, aubergine and onion over fire with olive oil — sweet, smoky and gently bitter.
Haddock
Slightly sweeter and finer-flaked than cod, and frequently smoked — which changes everything.
Ham
Cured, often glazed and always salty — one of the dishes where salt drives everything.
Hummus
Chickpea and tahini purée with lemon and garlic — nutty, sharp and much richer than it looks.
Jalfrezi
Stir-fried curry with peppers, onions, green chilli and tomato — hot, fresh and comparatively lean.
Jamón ibérico
Air-dried Iberian ham — intensely salty, nutty and fatty, and the dish Sherry exists for.
Katsu
Panko-crumbed and deep-fried pork or chicken with a sweet, tangy brown sauce.
Korean barbecue
Grilled marinated meat with kimchi and gochujang — sweet, salty, fermented, smoky and hot at once.
Korean fried chicken
Twice-fried chicken in a sweet, garlicky, chilli-hot glaze — fat, sugar and heat together.
Korma
Mild, creamy and nut-thickened, with cardamom and almond — the gentlest curry, and a genuinely easy pairing.
Lamb chops
Grilled cutlets with a rim of fat and plenty of char — more intense and smokier than a roast leg.
Lamb kofta
Spiced minced lamb grilled on skewers — warm spice, char and fat, usually with yoghurt alongside.
Lamb shank
Slow-braised until it falls off the bone — deep, sticky and much higher in umami than grilled lamb.
Lasagne
Layered pasta with ragù and béchamel — tomato acidity plus dairy fat plus meat umami, all at once.
Macaroni cheese
Pasta in a baked cheese sauce — dairy fat, salt and umami with nothing sharp anywhere.
Mackerel
Intensely oily and strongly flavoured — the fish that defeats a gentle white entirely.
Mapo tofu
Sichuan tofu in fermented bean paste with chilli and Sichuan pepper — hot, numbing and enormously savoury.
Meat pizza
Pepperoni, salami, sausage and ham — salt, fat and spice piled onto an acidic base.
Meatballs
Herbed minced meat, usually in tomato sauce — where the tomato decides the wine, not the meat.
Melanzane alla parmigiana
Layered aubergine, tomato and cheese, baked — acidic, rich and savoury, and vegetarian by accident rather than design.
Meze
Hummus, tzatziki, flatbread, olives, tahini and pickles — many small salty, tangy things at once.
Mushroom pasta
Earthy, savoury and umami-heavy — the vegetarian pasta that genuinely wants a red wine.
Mussels
Steamed in white wine, cider or cream — briny, and usually served in a broth that sets the pairing.
Osso buco
Veal shin braised slowly with wine and stock, finished with gremolata — rich, savoury and gelatinous.
Oysters
Raw, saline and iodine-rich — one of the few foods with a genuinely narrow set of good wine partners.
Patatas bravas
Fried potato with a smoky, mildly spicy tomato sauce and often aioli — fat, acid and paprika together.
Peking duck
Crisp-skinned duck with hoisin, cucumber and pancakes — the Chinese dish that most clearly wants a red wine.
Pesto pasta
Basil, pine nuts, garlic, Parmesan and olive oil — herbal and green, which is a flavour match rather than a structural one.
Piri-piri chicken
Chicken grilled with chilli, garlic and lemon — hot, charred and sharply acidic all at once.
Pork belly
The fattiest cut there is, usually with a crisp salty skin — an acidity problem more than anything else.
Pork chops
Pan-fried or grilled, leaner than most pork dishes, and easily overpowered.
Pulled pork
Slow-cooked shoulder shredded into a sweet, tangy barbecue sauce — the sauce is the dish.
Ramen
Noodles in a long-simmered savoury broth — enormous umami, high salt, and a genuinely difficult wine dish.
Ratatouille
Slow-cooked Provençal summer vegetables — tomato-led, herbal, and more acidic than it looks.
Risotto
Creamy rice, usually with butter, cheese and stock — rich, savoury and texturally soft.
Rogan josh
Kashmiri lamb curry, deep red with dried chilli and fennel — aromatic and rich, with moderate rather than fierce heat.
Saag paneer
Spinach and fresh cheese — green, iron-rich and mildly bitter, which is an unusual pairing problem.
Salads and vinaigrette
Light and fresh, but the vinegar in the dressing is the real pairing obstacle.
Salmon in a cream sauce
Fat on fat — the dish where a rich white finally makes sense, provided it has acidity underneath.
Saltimbocca
Veal with prosciutto and sage in a butter and wine pan sauce — salty, herbal and surprisingly delicate.
Samosas and pakoras
Deep-fried spiced pastries and fritters, usually with a sweet-sour chutney — fat, salt and spice in one bite.
Sardines
Small, oily and usually grilled whole over fire — salt, oil and char in one mouthful.
Sashimi
Raw fish without rice — cleaner, more delicate and more umami-driven than sushi.
Sausage and mash
Bangers, mashed potato and onion gravy — salty, fatty and unpretentious.
Sausages
Fatty, salty, herb-seasoned — a robust dish that wants an unfussy red.
Scallops
Sweet, dense and usually seared in butter — richer than most shellfish and a genuine match for oaked white.
Sea bass
Fine-textured and delicate with crisp skin — a dish that a heavy wine will simply erase.
Seafood pasta
Clams, prawns or mixed shellfish with garlic, oil and often chilli — saline and light.
Shawarma and kebabs
Spit-roasted spiced meat with garlic sauce, pickles and flatbread — smoky, salty and sharply garnished.
Shepherd’s pie
Minced lamb in gravy under mashed potato — savoury, soft and comfortingly heavy.
Sichuan cooking
Chilli and Sichuan pepper together — heat plus a numbing tingle that behaves unlike anything else on a wine list.
Smoked brisket
Long-smoked beef with a peppery bark — the most smoke-dominated dish in the catalogue.
Spicy chicken
Peri-peri, buffalo, jerk or hot-wing chicken — where chilli heat governs everything.
Spicy salmon
Chilli on an oily fish — the heat sets the rules and the fish barely gets a vote.
Squid and octopus
Fried calamari or grilled octopus — chewy, salty and either crisp-fried or heavily charred.
Steak and ale pie
Beef braised in dark beer under pastry — deep, malty and faintly bitter.
Steak au poivre
Steak in a cracked-pepper and cream sauce — where the sauce, not the beef, picks the wine.
Steak with béarnaise
Steak under an emulsion of butter, egg yolk, vinegar and tarragon — the sauce that quietly turns a red-wine dish into an acidity problem.
Steak with blue-cheese sauce
Two of the most assertive things on a plate at once, and the sauce is louder than the beef.
Steak with chimichurri
Grilled beef under a raw sauce of parsley, garlic, oregano, chilli and vinegar — herbal, sharp and much livelier than it looks.
Steak with mushroom sauce
Earthy and savoury rather than rich — the sauce that pushes steak towards Burgundy and Barolo.
Steak with red-wine sauce
A reduction concentrates everything the wine had — and asks for a wine that can answer it.
Sushi and sashimi
Raw fish with vinegared rice, soy and wasabi — delicate but with sharp accompaniments.
Sweet and sour dishes
Battered pork or chicken in a sugar-and-vinegar sauce — genuinely sweet, which changes the wine entirely.
Tacos al pastor
Spit-roasted marinated pork with pineapple, onion and coriander — smoky, sweet and sharply garnished.
Tandoori chicken
Yoghurt-marinated chicken cooked in a clay oven — smoky, tangy and dry, with no sauce to complicate matters.
Tapas
Small Spanish plates — jamón, tortilla, padrón peppers, croquetas, anchovies. Salty, varied, and Sherry’s natural home.
Tempura
Feather-light batter, deep-fried — delicate in flavour and greasy in texture at the same time.
Teriyaki
Grilled meat or fish in a soy, mirin and sugar glaze — sweet, salty and umami-heavy.
Teriyaki salmon
Sweet, salty and glazed — the sugar in the sauce decides the wine, not the fish.
Thai red curry
Hotter and deeper than green curry, built on dried red chilli — more heat, less herbal lift.
Tortilla española
Potato and onion omelette — mild, rich and eggy, and a genuinely awkward pairing for its simplicity.
Trout
Moderately oily freshwater fish, often with almonds or lemon — lighter than salmon, richer than cod.
Tuna
Meaty, umami-rich fish that behaves more like red meat than like white fish.
Turkey
Lean white meat, usually served with a crowd of sweet and salty accompaniments.
Vegetarian dishes
A broad category where the cooking method and seasoning matter far more than the vegetables.
Vindaloo
Goan pork curry with chilli and vinegar — hot and sharp at the same time, and the hardest curry for wine.
Yakitori
Grilled chicken skewers, either salted or glazed — and which of the two decides the wine.
Baba ganoush
Charred aubergine with tahini and lemon — smoky, bitter-edged and one of the more wine-friendly dips.
Beef carpaccio
Raw beef sliced thin with lemon, oil and Parmesan — a delicate dish that shares almost nothing with cooked steak.
Carnitas
Pork slow-cooked in its own fat then crisped — rich and salty, cut with lime and raw onion.
Chicken liver pâté
Rich, mineral and offal-driven, usually spread on toast — a starter with a surprising sweet-wine tradition.
Clams
Sweet, briny and small — most often in a garlic-and-wine broth or tossed through pasta.
Coq au vin
Chicken braised in red wine with bacon and mushrooms — a white-meat dish that behaves like a red-meat one.
Cornish pasty
Beef, potato, swede and onion in pastry — peppery, savoury and substantial.
Enchiladas
Filled tortillas baked under chilli sauce and cheese — rich, savoury and moderately hot.
Falafel
Deep-fried spiced chickpeas with tahini and pickles — earthy, herbal and dry-textured.
Game birds
Pheasant, partridge, grouse and pigeon — leaner, darker and more mineral than farmed poultry.
Gnocchi
Soft potato dumplings — mild and starchy, taking their character wholly from the sauce.
Goose
Rich, fatty and gamey — a Christmas bird that needs far more acidity than turkey does.
Halibut
Firm, dense and faintly sweet — the white fish that behaves most like white meat.
Herb-crusted lamb
Rack of lamb in a breadcrumb, garlic and herb crust — the herbs, not the meat, are the aromatic lead.
Lobster
Rich, sweet shellfish, usually served with butter — one of the few seafoods that wants an oaked white.
Massaman curry
Mild, sweet and warmly spiced with cinnamon, cardamom and peanut — the gentlest Thai curry.
Mole
A long-cooked sauce of dried chillies, nuts, spices and chocolate — deep, dark, faintly bitter and unlike anything else.
Monkfish
Dense and firm enough to be roasted like meat, and often wrapped in bacon or served with red wine sauce.
Moussaka
Layered aubergine, spiced lamb and béchamel — rich, savoury and gently cinnamon-scented.
Mushroom pizza
Earthy and savoury rather than salty — the pizza that suits a lighter, more savoury red.
Paella
Saffron rice with seafood or meat — savoury, saline and aromatic.
Pho and Vietnamese food
Clear aromatic broth, fresh herbs, lime and fish sauce — delicate, savoury and unusually clean.
Ploughman’s lunch
Cheddar, ham, pickle, bread and apple — salty and sharply pickled, which rules out most reds.
Pork pie and picnic food
Cold pastry, seasoned pork and jelly, usually with pickle — salty, fatty and eaten cold.
Quiche and tarts
Egg, cream and pastry with cheese, onion or bacon — soft, rich and low in acidity.
Rabbit
Lean, mild and closer to chicken than to game — usually braised with herbs, mustard or white wine.
Satay
Grilled skewers with a sweet, salty peanut sauce — char and nut richness with moderate heat.
Sole
The most delicate fish in common use, classically finished in butter — subtle to the point of fragility.
Spicy pizza
Nduja, spicy salami or chilli oil — the pizza where alcohol becomes the problem.
Tabbouleh
Parsley, mint, tomato and bulgur with a great deal of lemon — herbal and sharply acidic.
Tagine
Slow-cooked North African stew with dried fruit, preserved lemon and warm spice — sweet-savoury and aromatic.
Thai salads
Som tam, larb and their relatives — raw, fiercely hot, sour and salty, with almost no fat to soften anything.
Tofu dishes
Neutral in itself and defined entirely by its treatment — the sauce is the whole pairing.
Vegetarian burgers and bakes
Bean, mushroom or plant-protein patties with the usual sauces — savoury and sweet-condimented.
Venison and game
Lean, intensely savoury game meat that wants a wine with earthy, tertiary complexity.
White pizza
No tomato — cheese, cream, potato or garlic on the base, which removes the acidity entirely.
Cheese
Cheddar and hard cheese
Salty, fatty and increasingly savoury with age — better with red wine than most cheese is.
Hard cheese
Aged, firm and concentrated — the family that comes closest to justifying the red-wine rule.
Stilton
Crumbly English blue, salty and mineral — and the reason Port exists on so many Christmas tables.
Bloomy-rind cheese
Soft, white-rinded and mushroomy — Brie, Camembert and their relatives, where fat and umami rise sharply with ripeness.
Blue cheese
Salty, pungent and sharp — and the classic case for pairing sweetness against salt.
Brie and soft cheese
Creamy, buttery, mushroomy soft cheese — richer than it looks and best with acidity or bubbles.
Camembert
Stronger, earthier and more pungent than Brie — the mushroomy end of the bloomy-rind family.
Comté
Nutty, brothy Alpine cheese with crystalline crunch — one of the great white-wine cheeses.
Feta
Brined Greek sheep’s cheese — sharp, salty and crumbly, and firmly a white-wine cheese.
Fresh cheese
Unaged, milky and mild — mozzarella, ricotta, burrata, curd. The most delicate cheese family.
Goat cheese
Tangy, chalky and high in acidity — and the textbook Sauvignon Blanc pairing.
Gorgonzola
The mildest of the great blues in its dolce form — creamy, sweet-edged and much easier to pair.
Gouda
Mild and supple when young, butterscotch-sweet and crystalline when old — two different cheeses under one name.
Gruyère
Dense Alpine cheese, savoury and slightly sweet — the melting cheese, and a fondue in its own right.
Halloumi
Squeaky brined cheese that holds its shape when grilled — salt plus char, and no acidity.
Manchego
Firm Spanish sheep’s cheese, nutty and lanolin-rich — the standard partner for Spanish reds and Sherry.
Mozzarella
Milky, mild and elastic — almost always eaten with tomato, which does the pairing work.
Pecorino
Hard, salty Italian sheep’s cheese — sharper and considerably saltier than Parmesan.
Roquefort
Sheep’s-milk blue, intensely salty and piercing — the sharpest of the major blues.
Sheep’s cheese
Richer, sweeter and more lanolin-scented than cow’s milk — Manchego, Pecorino, Ossau-Iraty, Roquefort.
Parmesan
Intensely savoury, crystalline and salty — extremely high in umami.
Washed-rind cheese
Orange-rinded, sticky and famously pungent — Époisses, Munster, Taleggio. The hardest cheese family for wine.
Cuisines
Tricky ingredients
Asparagus
Notoriously difficult: a green, sulphurous vegetable that makes many wines taste metallic.
Aubergine
Meaty, oil-absorbing and faintly bitter — the vegetable that most readily takes a red wine.
Lentils and beans
Earthy, savoury and starchy — the vegetarian base that most reliably supports a red wine.
Mushrooms
Earthy and intensely umami — one of the few vegetarian ingredients that genuinely calls for red wine.
Olives
Salty, bitter and briny — a small thing that makes a big difference to what is in the glass.
Tomato
High in both acidity and umami — the combination that makes low-acid wines taste flat.
Artichoke
Contains cynarin, which makes whatever you drink next taste sweet — a genuine chemical obstacle.
Beetroot
Earthy and genuinely sweet — one of the few vegetables that points at red wine on its own.
Cauliflower and brassicas
Sprouts, broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower — sulphurous and bitter raw, sweet and nutty roasted.
Peppers
Sweet when roasted, green and vegetal when raw — and the vegetable most directly echoed by a wine compound.
Squash and pumpkin
Sweet, dense and slightly nutty when roasted — a vegetable that wants texture rather than sharpness.
Truffle
Intensely aromatic and earthy — one of the few ingredients that can dominate a wine entirely.
Desserts
Chocolate
Bitter, fatty and sweet — genuinely difficult, and the source of a lot of bad pairing advice.
Chocolate cake
Warm, rich and very sweet — sugar, fat and cocoa bitterness together at their most demanding.
Dark chocolate
Bitter as much as sweet — the confection that defeats most wine, including most dessert wine.
Apple desserts
Apple pie, crumble and tarte tatin — sweet, spiced and sharpened by the fruit.
Cheesecake
Dense, tangy and very rich — the cream cheese gives it an acidity most desserts lack.
Christmas pudding
Steamed dried fruit, spice and suet — dense, dark and about as sweet as food gets.
Crème brûlée
Vanilla custard under burnt sugar — rich, eggy and faintly bitter from the caramel.
Fruit desserts
Tarts, crumbles and poached fruit — sweet with real acidity from the fruit itself.
Fruit tart
Pastry, crème pâtissière and fresh fruit — sweet and acidic at the same time.
Ice cream
Cold, sweet and fatty — and the temperature is itself a pairing problem.
Lemon tart
Sharp citrus curd in pastry — sweet and genuinely acidic, which raises the bar for the wine twice over.
Milk chocolate
Sweeter, creamier and far less bitter than dark — much easier to pair, and a different problem entirely.
Sticky toffee pudding
Date sponge under toffee sauce — the sweetest thing in British cooking, and it needs matching.
Tiramisu
Coffee-soaked sponge, mascarpone and cocoa — sweet, bitter and creamy at once.
Creamy desserts
Crème brûlée, panna cotta and cheesecake — rich, sweet and fatty.
Occasions
A cheese and charcuterie board
Several incompatible things at once — and the reason one bottle rarely suits the whole board.
A summer barbecue
Char, smoke, sweet glazes and a lot of different plates — where serving temperature matters as much as the bottle.
Christmas dinner
Turkey, stuffing, cranberry, sprouts and pigs-in-blankets — the hardest plate of the year to pair.
Sunday roast
Roast meat, potatoes, vegetables and gravy — rich, savoury and forgiving.
Before dinner, with something small
Olives, nuts, crisps — salty things eaten standing up, where the wine has a specific job.
Afternoon tea
Scones, cream, jam, cake and delicate sandwiches — sweet, buttery and light all at once.
The principles
Thirteen reasoning primitives. Every pairing recommendation on WineHQ cites the ones that produced it, so you can disagree with a specific step rather than with a black box.
Match acidity with acidity
strongThe wine should be at least as acidic as the food.
Acidity is relative. Tasting a wine after something more acidic than itself makes it seem soft, flabby and hollow — the wine has not changed, but the reference point has.
But: Very sharp vinaigrettes exceed the acidity of almost any wine. Sometimes the right answer is to change the dressing rather than the bottle.
Fat needs acidity or tannin
strongThe richer the dish, the more acidity or tannin the wine needs.
Fat coats the tongue and dulls subsequent flavours. Both acidity and tannin cut through it, but they do so differently and are not interchangeable.
But: Which one depends on the fat. Protein-bound fat (steak, hard cheese) softens tannin and suits it; dairy fat (cream sauces, soft cheese) is better handled by acidity, and tannin against a cream sauce can taste coarse.
Tannin loves protein
strongHigh-protein, high-fat dishes can take — and improve — tannic red wine.
Tannins are astringent because they bind with proteins in saliva, stripping lubrication from the mouth. Give them proteins from the food instead and they bind with those, leaving the palate comfortable.
But: It only works with enough fat alongside the protein. Very lean protein such as game or skinless chicken breast does not soften tannin nearly as effectively.
The wine should be as sweet as the food
strongWith a sweet dish, the wine must be at least as sweet.
This is the most frequently broken rule in wine, and the most reliably punished. A dry wine tasted after something sweet loses its fruit and shows only its acid and tannin.
But: It must also keep its acidity. Sweetness without acidity is cloying, which is why great dessert wines are high in both and why a simple sweet wine palls after half a glass.
Salt loves acidity and bubbles
strongSalty dishes suit high-acid and sparkling wines, and clash with tannic ones.
Salt makes a wine’s acidity seem gentler and its fruit seem sweeter, which is why a bone-dry high-acid wine can taste positively generous alongside cured ham.
But: Very hard aged cheeses are the exception: their fat and protein content is high enough to offset the salt and let a tannic red work.
Chilli heat is amplified by alcohol and tannin
strongFor spicy food, choose low-alcohol, low-tannin wine, ideally with a touch of sweetness.
Capsaicin, the compound responsible for chilli heat, is more soluble in alcohol than in water, and alcohol intensifies the sensation of burning. Tannin adds its own drying astringency on top.
But: Mild spice is a different problem from genuine chilli heat. An aromatic dish that is fragrant but not hot can take a dry, full-bodied wine perfectly well.
Umami sharpens tannin and bitterness
moderateVery savoury dishes suit lower-tannin wines, or wines whose tannin has softened with age.
Umami-rich foods — mushrooms, aged cheese, soy, tomato, cured meat, stock — increase the perception of bitterness and astringency in wine while reducing its apparent sweetness and fruit.
But: Umami arriving with plenty of salt and fat — as in aged Parmesan or a rich ragù — offsets much of the effect, which is why those dishes handle red wine better than mushrooms alone.
Match intensity with intensity
strongThe weight and flavour intensity of the wine should roughly match the dish.
This is the most intuitive of the principles and the one people apply naturally: nobody serves Amarone with steamed sole.
But: Intensity is not the same as body. A Mosel Riesling is light-bodied but aromatically intense, which is why it copes with strongly spiced food that would flatten a heavier but quieter wine.
Tannin and fish can taste metallic
strongKeep tannin low with fish. Light, low-tannin reds are fine; firm ones are not.
The unpleasant metallic aftertaste some people get from red wine with fish is a real and repeatable effect rather than a matter of convention. It appears with tannic reds and not with light ones, which is why the rule is worth restating in terms of tannin rather than of colour.
But: This is about tannin, not about colour. A light Pinot Noir or a chilled Gamay with salmon or tuna is a genuinely good pairing and always has been — the old "no red wine with fish" rule was too broad. Firmly tannic reds are the actual problem, and heavily oaked whites cause a related one.
Delicate dishes need delicate wines
strongWith delicate food, choose light-bodied, unoaked, restrained wines.
The mirror of intensity matching, and worth stating separately because it is broken more often — usually by reaching for an "impressive" bottle.
But: Delicate does not mean bland: a very fine wine can be light and still complex. The requirement is restraint, not simplicity.
Smoke and char want ripe fruit
moderateGrilled, barbecued and smoked dishes suit ripe, fruit-forward wines.
Char is bitter, and bitterness stacks: a bitter, tannic wine plus a charred crust produces something noticeably harsh.
But: Cool-climate wines with peppery, savoury character can also work extremely well by echoing the smoke rather than balancing it. Both approaches are valid; they just produce different results.
Bitterness does not cancel bitterness
moderateBitter food needs a wine low in tannin and bitterness, not one that matches it.
Sweetness balances salt, and acidity balances fat. Bitterness works differently: bitter food plus bitter wine simply produces more bitterness.
But: Some cuisines deliberately embrace this accumulation — a bitter amaro after a bitter salad is a real tradition — but it is a stylistic choice, not a balance.
The sauce usually matters more than the protein
moderatePair with the dominant flavour of the finished dish, not with the headline ingredient.
Chicken with lemon and herbs and chicken in a rich cream sauce are the same bird and two entirely different pairing problems. So are plain grilled salmon and salmon teriyaki.
But: Where the protein is genuinely dominant — a plain grilled steak, a piece of sashimi — it does lead. The rule is about which element is loudest, not about ingredients as a class.
What grows together goes together
contextualWhen in doubt, try the wine from where the dish comes from.
Muscadet with Atlantic oysters, Sancerre with Loire goat cheese, Chianti with Tuscan tomato dishes, Lambrusco with Emilian cured pork — all of these work, and all are regional coincidences with a long history behind them.
But: This is a useful heuristic, not a mechanism. It works because regional cuisines and regional wines adapted to each other over generations, and it fails wherever a region’s wine and its food evolved for different markets.
Every one of these principles has real exceptions, which is why each is stated with its caveat. A wine you enjoy with food you enjoy is a successful pairing, whatever any rule says. The principles are for when you want a starting point, not a verdict.